Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo kuma-Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes
Kusukela yethulwa ngo-1937, izinto zokwakha ze-polyurethane (PU) zithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa ezokuthutha, ezokwakha, amakhemikhali ephethiloli, izindwangu, ubunjiniyela bemishini nogesi, i-aerospace, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nezolimo. Lezi zinto zisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezinjengamaplastiki egwebu, imicu, ama-elastomers, ama-ejenti angangenisi amanzi, isikhumba sokwenziwa, okokunamathela, okokunamathelisa, izinto zokugandaya kanye nezinsiza zokwelapha. I-PU yendabuko ngokuyinhloko ihlanganiswa kusuka kuma-isocyanate amabili noma ngaphezulu kanye nama-macromolecular polyols kanye nezandiso zamaketanga amangqamuzana amancane. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bemvelo be-isocyanate bubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo; ngaphezu kwalokho ngokuvamile atholakala ku-phosgene—isandulela esinobuthi obukhulu—kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-amine ezihambisanayo.
Ngenxa yokuphishekela kwemboni yamakhemikhali izinqubo zentuthuko eziluhlaza nezisimeme, abacwaningi baya ngokuya begxila ekufakeni ama-isocyanate ngezinsizakusebenza ezihambisana nemvelo ngenkathi behlola imizila yamanoveli yama-non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU). Leli phepha lethula izindlela zokulungiselela i-NIPU ngenkathi libuyekeza intuthuko ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zama-NIPU futhi lixoxa ngamathemba awo esikhathi esizayo ukuze anikeze ireferensi yocwaningo olwengeziwe.
1 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes
Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqala kwezinhlanganisela ze-carbamate ezinesisindo esiphansi se-molecular kusetshenziswa ama-monocyclic carbonates ahlanganiswe nama-aliphatic diamines kwenzeka phesheya ngeminyaka yawo-1950s—okumaka umzuzu obalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwe-non-isocyanate polyurethane. Okwamanje kukhona izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza i-NIPU: Eyokuqala ihilela ukusabela okwengeza kancane kancane phakathi kwama-binary cyclic carbonates nama-amine kanambambili; okwesibili kuhlanganisa ukusabela kwe-polycondensation okubandakanya i-diurethane intermediate eduze nama-dioli asiza ukushintshana kwesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwe-carbamates. I-Diamarboxylate intermediates ingatholakala ngokusebenzisa imizila ye-cyclic carbonate noma ye-dimethyl carbonate (DMC); ngokuyisisekelo zonke izindlela zisabela ngamaqembu e-carbonic acid akhiqiza ukusebenza kwe-carbamate.
Izigaba ezilandelayo zichaza kabanzi ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa i-polyurethane ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-isocyanate.
1.1 Umzila we-Binary Cyclic Carbonate
I-NIPU ingahlanganiswa ngezengezo ezihamba kancane ezibandakanya kanambambili i-cyclic carbonate ehlanganiswe ne-amine kanambambili njengoba kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1.
Ngenxa yamaqembu amaningi e-hydroxyl akhona ngaphakathi kwamayunithi aphindayo eduze kwesakhiwo seketango eliyinhloko le ndlela ngokuvamile ikhiqiza lokho okubizwa nge-polyβ-hydroxyl polyurethane (PHU). I-Leitsch et al., ithuthukise uchungechunge lwama-PHUs e-polyether asebenzisa ama-polyethers e-cyclic carbonate-terinated eceleni kwama-amine kanambambili kanye nama-molecule amancane atholakala kuma-binary cyclic carbonates—eqhathanisa lezi nezindlela zendabuko ezisetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-polyether PU. Ukuthola kwabo kubonise ukuthi amaqembu e-hydroxyl ngaphakathi kwe-PHUs akha kalula izibopho ze-hydrogen ngama-athomu e-nitrogen/oxygen atholakala ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ezithambile/eziqinile; ukuhluka phakathi kwamasegimenti athambile nakho kunomthelela ekuziphatheni kwe-hydrogen bonding kanye namadigri okuhlukaniswa kwe-microphase okuthi kamuva kube nomthelela kuzo zonke izici zokusebenza.
Ngokujwayelekile okwenziwa ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-100 °C lo mzila awukhiqizi imikhiqizo ethile phakathi nezinqubo zokusabela okwenza ungazweli umswakama kuyilapho ukhiqiza imikhiqizo ezinzile engenakho ukukhathazeka okuguquguqukayo kodwa kudingeke ukuba izinyibilikisi zemvelo ezibonakala nge-polarity enamandla njenge-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N, I-N-dimethylformamide (DMF), njll.. Izikhathi zokusabela ezinwetshiwe ezisukela noma kuphi phakathi kosuku olulodwa kuze kube yizinsuku ezinhlanu zivame ukukhiqiza izisindo zamangqamuzana ezivame ukwehla ngaphansi komkhawulo cishe ku-30k g/mol okunikeza inselele enkulu yokukhiqiza ngenxa yokuthi inenani elikhulu kokubili izindleko eziphezulu. okuhlotshaniswa nakho okuhambisana namandla anganele aboniswa ama-PHUs angumphumela naphezu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithembisayo ezihlanganisa izizinda zezinto ezimanzi ezilolongayo zakha ukwakheka okunamathelayo okuhlanganisa izixazululo amagwebu njll.
1.2 Umzila we-Monocylic Carbonate
I-Monocylic carbonate isabela ngokuqondile nge-diamine eholela ekutheni i-dicarbamate ibe namaqembu okuphela e-hydroxyl ebese ithola ukusebenzelana okukhethekile kwe-transesterification/polycondensation eduze nama-dioli ekugcineni ikhiqize i-NIPU ngokwesakhiwo efana nozakwabo bendabuko ababoniswa ngokubonakalayo ngoMfanekiso 2.
Izinhlobonhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ze-monocylic zihlanganisa i-ethylene ne-propylene carbonated substrates lapho ithimba lika-Zhao Jingbo e-Beijing University Of Chemical Technology lenze ama-diamine ahlukahlukene asabela ngokumelene nezinhlangano ezijikelezayo ezithola i-dicarbamate intermediaries eyahlukene ngaphambi kokudlulela ezigabeni ze-condensation zisebenzisa i-polycullamide ephumelelayo yokusebenzisa i-polycullamide imigqa yomkhiqizo ngokulandelanayo ebonisa izici ezishisayo ezishisayo/imishini efinyelela phezulu ezindaweni ezincibilikayo izungeza uhla olunwebeka cishe ku-125~161°C amandla okuqinile afinyelela phezulu eduze kwamazinga obude obungu-24MPa asondele ku-1476%. U-Wang et al., izinhlanganisela ezifanayo ezitholakalayo ezihlanganisa i-DMC ebhanqiwe ngokulandelana w/hexamethylenediamine/cyclocarbonated precursors synthesizing derivatives ye-hydroxy-terinated kamuva yafakwa ngaphansi kwe-biobased dibasic acids njenge-oxalic/sebacic/acids adipic-acid-terephtalics efinyelela umphumela wokugcina we-2/3 ukuzuza umphumela wokugcina. amandla aqinile aguquguquka9 ~ 17 MPa amabude ahluka35% ~ 235%.
Ama-ester e-Cyclocarbonic asebenzisana ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokudinga ama-catalyst ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ezigcina izinga lokushisa elilingana no-80° kuya ku-120°C ama-transesterification alandelayo ngokuvamile asebenzisa amasistimu e-catalytic asekelwe ku-organotin aqinisekisa ukucubungula okuphezulu akudluli u-200°. Ngalé kwemizamo nje yokufingqa eqondise okokufaka kwe-diolic okukwazi ukuzenzela i-polymerization/deglycolysis yenza kube lula ukukhiqiza imiphumela efiselekayo kunikeza indlela yokusebenza ngendlela engokwemvelo ekhiqiza kakhulu izinsalela ze-methanol/i-molecule-encane-ye-diolic ngaleyo ndlela yethule ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo eziqhubekela phambili.
1.3 Umzila weDimethyl Carbonate
I-DMC imele okunye okuzwakalayo kwemvelo/okungeyona into enobuthi equkethe izingxenye eziningi ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisa ukumiswa kwe-methyl/methoxy/carbonyl okuthuthukisa amaphrofayili wokuphinda asebenze okuvumela kakhulu ukuhlangana kwasekuqaleni lapho i-DMC isebenzisana khona ngqo ne-diamines yakhe abaxhumanisi abanqanyuliwe be-methyl-carbamate okulandelwa ngemuva kwalokho izenzo zokuncibilika. izakhi ezengeziwe ze-small-chain-extender-diolics/i-polyol enkulu ehamba phambili ekuphumeni okufunwayo kwezakhiwo ze-polymer eziboniswe ngokufanele ngoMfanekiso3.
I-Deepa et.al yenziwe ngosonhlamvukazi phezu kwamandla okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla asebenzisa i-sodium methoxide catalysis ehlela ukwakheka okuhlukene okumaphakathi okwabe sekubandakanya izandiso ezihlosiwe ezifinyelela umvuthwandaba wezingoma ezilinganayo zengxenye eqinile ezifinyelela izisindo zamangqamuzana acishe abe (3 ~20) x10^3g/s 0 ingilazi yokushintshashintsha kwe-mol ~ 3 °C). I-Pan Dongdong ikhethe ukubhanqa kwamasu okuhlanganisa i-DMC i-hexamethylene-diaminopolycarbonate-polyalcohols ibona imiphumela ephawulekayo ebonisa amamethrikhi wamandla aqinile oscillating10-15MPa ama-elongation ratios asondela ku-1000% -1400%. Ukuphishekela uphenyo okuphathelene namathonya ahlukene okwandisa iketango kwembula okuthandwayo ukuqondanisa kahle ukukhetha kwe-butanediol/hexanediol lapho ukulingana kwenombolo ye-athomu kugcinwa ukulingana okugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kobucwebe okuye kwabonwa kuwo wonke amaketango.Iqembu likaSarazin lalungisa izinhlanganisela ezihlanganisa i-lignin/DMC eduze kwe-hexatinghydroxyamine demonctory30proxyprotection2 .Ukuhlola okwengeziwe okuhloselwe ukuthola ukusebenzelana kwe-diazomonomer okungeyona i-isocyante-polyureas okulindelekile okungenzeka kube izinhlelo zokusebenza zopende ezivelayo eziqhathanisekayo ezivelayo kunozakwabo we-vinyl-carbonaceous oqokomisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko/izindlela ezibanzi zokuthola usizo ezitholakalayo. ukwenqaba izidingo zencibilikisi ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe imifudlana yemfucuza ikhawulele kuphela ukungcola kwe-methanol/ama-molecule amancane-diolic okusungula ama-paradigm ahlanganisiwe aluhlaza jikelele.
2 Izingxenye ezithambile ezihlukene ze-non-isocyanate polyurethane
2.1 I-polyether polyurethane
I-polyether polyurethane (PEU) isetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yamandla ayo okuhlangana aphansi amabhondi e-ether kumayunithi aphindayo engxenye ethambile, ukujikeleza okulula, ukuguquguquka okuhle kakhulu kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nokumelana ne-hydrolysis.
Kebir et al. i-polyether polyurethane ehlanganisiwe ene-DMC, i-polyethylene glycol ne-butanediol njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, kodwa isisindo samangqamuzana sasiphansi (7 500 ~ 14 800g/mol), Tg yayingaphansi kuka-0℃, futhi indawo yokuncibilika nayo yayiphansi (38 ~ 48℃) , futhi amandla nezinye izinkomba kwakunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa. Iqembu locwaningo lika-Zhao Jingbo lasebenzisa i-ethylene carbonate, 1, 6-hexanediamine ne-polyethylene glycol ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-PEU, enesisindo samangqamuzana esingu-31 000g/mol, amandla aqinile angu-5 ~ 24MPa, kanye nobude ngesikhathi sekhefu obungu-0.9% ~ 1 388%. Isisindo samangqamuzana ochungechunge oluhlanganisiwe lwe-polyurethanes enamakha singu-17 300 ~ 21 000g/mol, i-Tg ingu -19 ~ 10 ℃, indawo yokuncibilika ingu-102 ~ 110 ℃, amandla aqinile ngu-12 ~ 38MPa, kanye nezinga lokululama lokunwebeka. of 200% ubude njalo 69% ~ 89%.
Iqembu locwaningo lika-Zheng Liuchun no-Li Chuncheng lilungiselele i-1, i-6-hexamethylenediamine (BHC) ephakathi ne-dimethyl carbonate kanye ne-1, i-6-hexamethylenediamine, ne-polycondensation enama-molecule amancane ahlukene ama-diol chain kanye ne-polytetrahydrofuranediols (Mn = 2 000). Kwalungiswa uchungechunge lwe-polyether polyurethanes (NIPEU) enomzila ongewona we-isocyanate, futhi inkinga yokuphambana yabaphakathi ngesikhathi sokusabela yaxazululwa. Isakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo ze-polyether polyurethane yendabuko (HDIPU) elungiselelwe i-NIPEU kanye ne-1, i-6-hexamethylene diisocyanate yaqhathaniswa, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1.
| Isampula | Ingxenye enkulu yengxenye eqinile/% | Isisindo samangqamuzana/(g·mol^(-1)) | Inkomba yokusabalalisa isisindo samangqamuzana | Amandla okuqina/MPa | Ukuphakama ngesikhathi sekhefu/% |
| I-NIPEU30 | 30 | 74000 | 1.9 | 12.5 | 1250 |
| I-NIPEU40 | 40 | 66000 | 2.2 | 8.0 | 550 |
| HDIPU30 | 30 | 46000 | 1.9 | 31.3 | 1440 |
| HDIPU40 | 40 | 54000 | 2.0 | 25.8 | 1360 |
Ithebula 1
Imiphumela kuThebula 1 ibonisa ukuthi umehluko wesakhiwo phakathi kwe-NIPEU ne-HDIPU ubangelwa ikakhulukazi ingxenye eqinile. Iqembu le-urea elikhiqizwe ukusabela okuseceleni kwe-NIPEU lishumekwa ngokungahleliwe engxenyeni eqinile yeketango lamangqamuzana, lihlephula ingxenye eqinile ukuze yakhe amabhondi e-hydrogen a-odiwe, okuholela ekubeni buthaka kwebhondi ye-hydrogen phakathi kwamaketanga amangqamuzana engxenye eqinile kanye nobucwebe obuphansi bengxenye eqinile. , okuholela ekuhlukaneni kwesigaba esiphansi se-NIPEU. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo zayo zemishini zimbi kakhulu kune-HDIPU.
2.2 I-Polyester Polyurethane
I-polyester polyurethane (PETU) ene-polyester diols njengamasegimenti athambile inokubola okuhle kwe-biodegradability, i-biocompatibility kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukulungisa izikafula zobunjiniyela bezicubu, okuwumsebenzi we-biomedical onethuba elihle lokufaka isicelo. Ama-polyester diol avame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezithambile i-polybutylene adipate diol, i-polyglycol adipate diol kanye ne-polycaprolactone diol.
Ngaphambilini, u-Rokicki et al. iphendule i-ethylene carbonate ene-diamine nama-dioli ahlukene (1, 6-hexanediol,1, 10-n-dodecanol) ukuze kutholwe i-NIPU ehlukile, kodwa i-NIPU ehlanganisiwe yayinesisindo esiphansi se-molecular kanye ne-Tg ephansi. UFarhadian et al. kulungiswe i-polycyclic carbonate kusetshenziswa amafutha embewu kabhekilanga njengento eluhlaza, bese kuxutshwa nama-polyamines asekelwe ku-bio, ambozwe epuleti, bese welapheka ku-90 ℃ amahora angu-24 ukuze kutholwe ifilimu ye-thermosetting polyester polyurethane, ebonisa ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa. Iqembu locwaningo lika-Zhang Liqun wase-South China University of Technology lenze uchungechunge lwama-diamine nama-cyclic carbonates, lase lifingqiwe nge-biobased dibasic acid ukuze lithole i-biobased polyester polyurethane. Iqembu locwaningo likaZhu Jin eNingbo Institute of Materials Research, i-Chinese Academy of Sciences yalungisa ingxenye eqinile ye-diaminodiol isebenzisa i-hexadiamine ne-vinyl carbonate, kwase kuba i-polycondensation nge-bio-based unsaturated dibasic acid ukuthola uchungechunge lwe-polyester polyurethane, engasetshenziswa njengopende ngemva kwalokho. Ukwelashwa kwe-ultraviolet [23]. Iqembu locwaningo likaZheng Liuchun no-Li Chuncheng basebenzise i-adipic acid kanye nama-aliphatic diols amane (i-butanediol, i-hexadiol, i-octanediol ne-decanediol) enezinombolo ezihlukene ze-carbon athomu ukuze kulungiswe ama-polyester diol ahambisanayo njengezingxenye ezithambile; Iqembu le-non-isocyanate polyester polyurethane (PETU), eliqanjwe ngenani lama-athomu ekhabhoni lama-aliphatic diol, latholwa ngokuncibilikisa i-polycondensation nge-prepolymer yengxenye eqinile ye-hydroxy-sealed elungiswe yi-BHC nama-diols. Izakhiwo zemishini ze-PETU ziboniswa kuThebula 2.
| Isampula | Amandla okuqina/MPa | I-Elastic module/MPa | Ukuphakama ngesikhathi sekhefu/% |
| I-PETU4 | 6.9±1.0 | 36±8 | 673±35 |
| I-PETU6 | 10.1±1.0 | 55±4 | 568±32 |
| PETU8 | 9.0±0.8 | 47±4 | 551±25 |
| PETU10 | 8.8±0.1 | 52±5 | 137±23 |
Ithebula 2
Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ingxenye ethambile ye-PETU4 inokuminyana kwe-carbonyl ephakeme kakhulu, ibhondi ye-hydrogen eqinile nengxenye eqinile, kanye nedigri yokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba esiphansi kakhulu. Ukucwebezela kwazo zombili izingxenye ezithambile neziqinile kunomkhawulo, okubonisa indawo encibilikayo ephansi namandla aqinile, kodwa ukuphakama okuphezulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sekhefu.
2.3 I-Polycarbonate polyurethane
I-Polycarbonate polyurethane (PCU), ikakhulukazi i-PCU ye-aliphatic, inokumelana okuhle kakhulu kwe-hydrolysis, ukumelana ne-oxidation, ukuzinza okuhle kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvumelana kwe-biocompatibility, futhi inamathemba amahle okusebenza emkhakheni we-biomedicine. Njengamanje, iningi le-NIPU elilungisiwe lisebenzisa ama-polyether polyols nama-polyester polyols njengezingxenye ezithambile, futhi kunemibiko embalwa yocwaningo nge-polycarbonate polyurethane.
I-non-isocyanate polycarbonate polyurethane elungiselelwe iqembu locwaningo lika-Tian Hengshui eSouth China University of Technology inesisindo samangqamuzana esingaphezu kuka-50 000 g/mol. Ithonya lezimo zokusabela esisindweni samangqamuzana e-polymer liye lafundwa, kodwa izakhiwo zayo zemishini azizange zibikwe. Iqembu labacwaningi lika-Zheng Liuchun kanye no-Li Chuncheng lilungise i-PCU lisebenzisa i-DMC, i-hexanediamine, i-hexadiol ne-polycarbonate diols, futhi laqanjwa ngokuthi i-PCU ngokwengxenye enkulu yeyunithi ephinda ingxenye eqinile. Izakhiwo zemishini zikhonjiswe kuThebula lesi-3.
| Isampula | Amandla okuqina/MPa | I-Elastic module/MPa | Ukuphakama ngesikhathi sekhefu/% |
| PCU18 | 17±1 | 36±8 | 665±24 |
| PCU33 | 19±1 | 107±9 | 656±33 |
| PCU46 | 21±1 | 150±16 | 407±23 |
| PCU57 | 22±2 | 210±17 | 262±27 |
| I-PCU67 | 27±2 | 400±13 | 63±5 |
| PCU82 | 29±1 | 518±34 | 26±5 |
Ithebula 3
Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-PCU inesisindo esiphezulu samangqamuzana, kufika ku-6×104 ~ 9×104g/mol, iphuzu elincibilikayo lifika ku-137 ℃, namandla aqinile afika ku-29 MPa. Lolu hlobo lwe-PCU lungasetshenziswa njengepulasitiki eqinile noma njenge-elastomer, enethuba elihle lokufaka isicelo emkhakheni we-biomedical (njengama-scaffolds wobunjiniyela bezicubu zomuntu noma izinto zokufakelwa kwenhliziyo).
2.4 I-Hybrid non-isocyanate polyurethane
I-Hybrid non-isocyanate polyurethane (i-hybrid NIPU) ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-epoxy resin, i-acrylate, i-silica noma i-siloxane ohlakeni lwamangqamuzana e-polyurethane ukuze kwakhiwe inethiwekhi ephakathi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-polyurethane noma ukunikeza i-polyurethane imisebenzi ehlukene.
Feng Yuelan et al. kusabela uwoyela wesoya we-epoxy osuselwa ku-bio nge-CO2 ukuze uhlanganise i-pentamonic cyclic carbonate (CSBO), futhi wethula i-bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (i-epoxy resin E51) enezingxenye zamaketanga eziqinile ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-NIPU eyakhiwe yi-CSBO eqiniswe nge-amine. Iketango lamangqamuzana liqukethe ingxenye yeketango elide eliguquguqukayo le-oleic acid/linoleic acid. Futhi iqukethe amasegimenti amaketango aqinile, ukuze abe namandla aphezulu emishini kanye nokuqina okuphezulu. Abanye abacwaningi baphinde bahlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu zama-prepolymers e-NIPU anamaqembu okuphela kwe-furan ngokusebenzisa ukusabela okuvuleka kwezinga kwe-diethylene glycol bicyclic carbonate ne-diamine, base besabela nge-polyester engagcwalisiwe ukuze balungise i-polyurethane ethambile enomsebenzi wokuziphilisa, futhi babona ngempumelelo ubuyena obuphezulu. -Ukuphulukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-NIPU ethambile. I-Hybrid NIPU ayinayo kuphela izici ze-NIPU ejwayelekile, kodwa futhi ingaba nokunamathela okungcono, ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-asidi ne-alkali, ukumelana ne-solvent namandla emishini.
3 I-Outlook
I-NIPU ilungiswa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwe-isocyanate enobuthi, futhi okwamanje isacwaningwa ngendlela yegwebu, ukunamathela, okunamathelayo, i-elastomer neminye imikhiqizo, futhi inamathuba amaningi okufaka isicelo. Kodwa-ke, iningi lazo lisalinganiselwe ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri, futhi akukho ukukhiqizwa okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthukiswa kwamazinga okuphila abantu kanye nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo, i-NIPU enomsebenzi owodwa noma imisebenzi eminingi isiphenduke isiqondiso esibalulekile socwaningo, njenge-antibacterial, ukuzilungisa, inkumbulo yomumo, i-flame retardant, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye njalonjalo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lubambe ukuthi lunganqanyulwa kanjani ezinkingeni ezibalulekile zokuthuthuka kwezimboni futhi luqhubeke nokuhlola isiqondiso sokulungiselela i-NIPU esebenzayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-29-2024