Ama-elastomer e-polyurethane ayisigaba esibalulekile sezinto ze-polymer ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngezakhiwo zawo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezihlukile kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu, athatha isikhundla esibalulekile embonini yanamuhla. Lezi zinto zisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi yokukhiqiza ephezulu, njengezindiza, izimoto eziphezulu, imishini enembile, imishini kagesi kanye namadivayisi ezokwelapha, ngenxa yokuqina kwawo okuhle, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuguquguquka kokucubungula. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zokusebenza kwezinto embonini yokukhiqiza, ukwakheka kokusebenza okuphezulu kwama-elastomer e-polyurethane kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inani lazo lokusebenza. Embonini yokukhiqiza ephezulu, izidingo zokusebenza zezinto ziya ngokuya ziba nzima. Njengezinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukwakheka nokusetshenziswa kwama-elastomer e-polyurethane kumele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile zobuchwepheshe. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-elastomer e-polyurethane ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu nakho kubhekene nezinselele eziningi, okuhlanganisa nokulawulwa kwezindleko, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwamukelwa kwemakethe. Kodwa-ke, ngezinzuzo zayo zokusebenza, ama-elastomer e-polyurethane adlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kanye nokuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza. Ngocwaningo olujulile ngalezi zinsimu zezicelo, kunganikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile kokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwezinto kanye nokwandisa izinhlelo zokusebenza.

 

Umklamo osebenza kahle kakhulu wama-polyurethane elastomers

 

Izidingo zokwakheka kwezinto kanye nokusebenza

Ama-polyurethane elastomers ayisigaba sezinto ze-polymer ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Akhiwe kakhulu yizingxenye ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-polyether ne-isocyanate. Ukukhethwa kanye nesilinganiso salezi zingxenye kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto zokugcina. I-Polyether ngokuvamile iyisigaba esithambile esiyinhloko sama-polyurethane elastomers. Isakhiwo sayo sama-molecule siqukethe amaqembu e-polyol, anganikeza ukuguquguquka okuhle nokuguquguquka. I-Isocyanate, njengengxenye eyinhloko yesigaba esiqinile, inesibopho sokuphendula ne-polyether ukuze yakhe amaketanga e-polyurethane, okuthuthukisa amandla kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-polyether nama-isocyanate zinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezahlukene kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni kwama-polyurethane elastomers, kubalulekile ukukhetha nokulinganisa ngokufanele lezi zingxenye ngokwezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza ukuze kufezwe izinkomba zokusebenza ezidingekayo. Ngokuphathelene nezidingo zokusebenza, ama-polyurethane elastomers kudingeka abe nezici eziningana ezibalulekile: ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukuqina, ukulwa nokuguga, njll. Ukumelana nokuguguleka kubhekisela ekusebenzeni okuhlala isikhathi eside kwezinto ngaphansi kwezimo zokungqubuzana nokuguguleka. Ikakhulukazi uma isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezigugile kakhulu, njengezinhlelo zokumiswa kwezimoto kanye nemishini yezimboni, ukumelana okuhle kokugugile kungandisa kakhulu impilo yesevisi yomkhiqizo. Ukunwebeka kungenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zama-elastomer e-polyurethane. Kunquma ukuthi impahla ingabuyela ngokushesha esimweni sayo sokuqala ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa nokululama. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezivalweni nasezimbozweni zokushaqeka. I-Anti-aging ibhekisela ekhonweni lento yokugcina ukusebenza kwayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside noma ukuchayeka ezindaweni ezinzima (njengemisebe ye-ultraviolet, umswakama, izinguquko zokushisa, njll.), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi into igcina ukusebenza okuzinzile ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo.

 

Amasu Okuthuthukisa Umklamo

Umklamo osebenza kahle kakhulu wama-polyurethane elastomers uyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebucayi edinga ukucatshangelwa okubanzi kwamasu amaningi okuthuthukisa umklamo. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwesakhiwo sama-molecule kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwezinto. Ngokulungisa isakhiwo se-molecular chain se-polyurethane, njengokwandisa izinga lokuxhumanisa, amandla omshini kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto kungathuthukiswa kakhulu. Ukwanda kwezinga lokuxhumanisa kuvumela ukwakheka kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi esizinzile phakathi kwama-molecule chain ezinto, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe amandla ayo kanye nokuqina kwayo. Isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ama-reactant e-polyisocyanate noma ukwethula ama-crosslinking agents, izinga lokuxhumanisa lingakhushulwa ngempumelelo futhi ukusebenza kwezinto kungathuthukiswa. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwesilinganiso sezingxenye nakho kubalulekile. Isilinganiso se-polyether ne-isocyanate sithinta ngqo ukuqina, ubulukhuni kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto. Ngokuvamile, ukwandisa isilinganiso se-isocyanate kungandisa ubulukhuni kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto, kodwa kunganciphisa ukuqina kwazo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulungisa ngokunembile isilinganiso salezi zinto ezimbili ngokwezidingo zangempela zohlelo lokusebenza ukuze kufezwe ibhalansi yokusebenza engcono kakhulu. Ngaphezu kokwenza ngcono isakhiwo sama-molecule kanye nesilinganiso sezingxenye, ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo kanye nama-reinforcement agents nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo, njenge-nano-silicon kanye ne-nano-carbon, zingathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza okuphelele kwama-polyurethane elastomers. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zithuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokumelana kwemvelo kwezinto ngokwandisa amandla azo, ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye nokumelana nokuguga.

 

 

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokulungiselela

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokulungiselela kungenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwama-polyurethane elastomers. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwama-polymer ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekulungiseleleni ama-polyurethane elastomers. Izindlela zesimanje zokwenziwa kwama-polymer, njenge-reaction injection molding (RIM) kanye nobuchwepheshe be-high-pressure polymerization, zingafinyelela ukulawula okunembe kakhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenziwa, ngaleyo ndlela zithuthukise isakhiwo sama-molecule kanye nokusebenza kwezinto. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba i-reaction injection bungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza futhi bufinyelele ukufana okungcono kwezinto kanye nokuvumelana ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba ngokuxuba ngokushesha i-polyether ne-isocyanate ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu bese uzifaka esikhumbeni. Ubuchwepheshe be-high-pressure polymerization bungathuthukisa ubuningi namandla ezinto futhi buthuthukise ukumelana nokuguguleka kwazo kanye nokumelana nokuguga ngokwenza ukusabela kwe-polymerization ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokubumba nokucubungula buyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwama-polyurethane elastomers. Izinqubo zokubumba zendabuko ezishisayo ziye zathathelwa indawo kancane kancane ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokubumba i-injection kanye ne-extrusion molding. Lezi zinqubo ezintsha azikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi zifinyelele ukulawula okunembe kakhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza kwezinto. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba ngomjovo bungafeza ukubumba okunembile kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunciphise imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo ngokushisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-polyurethane zibe sesimweni esincibilikisiwe bese uzifaka esikhumbeni. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba ngomjovo bufudumeza futhi buphoqe izinto ze-polyurethane ukuba ziphume ku-extruder, kwakha imichilo yezinto ezibonakalayo noma amashubhu ngokuphola nokuqina. Ifanele ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kanye nokucutshungulwa okwenziwe ngokwezifiso.

 

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-elastomer e-polyurethane ekukhiqizeni okusezingeni eliphezulu

 

Izindiza

Emkhakheni wezindiza, ama-polyurethane elastomers asetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni eziningi ezibalulekile, njengezivalo kanye nezimbozi zokushaqeka, ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuhle kakhulu. Imboni yezindiza inezidingo ezidinga kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto, okuhlanganisa kakhulu ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana nokukhathala, ukumelana nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana nokuguguleka, njll. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwama-polyurethane elastomers kulezi zici kwenza kube ngenye yezinto ezibalulekile emkhakheni wezindiza. Thatha izivalo njengesibonelo. Ohlelweni lukaphethiloli lwezimoto zezindiza, izivalo kudingeka zigcine ukuvalwa okusebenzayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okukhulu kanye nokucindezela. Uhlelo lukaphethiloli lwezimoto zezindiza luvame ukuvezwa ekushiseni okuphezulu, ukucindezela okuphezulu kanye nemidiya ebolile. Ngakho-ke, izivalo akumele nje kuphela zimelane nokushisa okuphezulu, kodwa futhi nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali. Ama-polyurethane elastomers, ikakhulukazi ama-polyurethane asebenza kahle kakhulu aselaphekile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, anokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokushisa okuphezulu futhi angamelana nezimo zokusebenza ezingaphezu kuka-300°C. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqina okuhle kwama-polyurethane elastomers kuwenza akwazi ukugcwalisa ngempumelelo izindawo ezingajwayelekile futhi aqinisekise ukuzinza nokuthembeka kwezivalo ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi eside. Isibonelo, izivalo ezisetshenziswa ezikhungweni zomoya zasemkhathini naseziteshini zasemkhathini ze-NASA zisebenzisa ama-polyurethane elastomers, abonisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvala nokuqina ezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu. Esinye yizivalo zokushaqeka. Ezindiza, izivalo zokushaqeka zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa umthelela wokudlidliza kwesakhiwo kanye nokushaqeka ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile. Ama-polyurethane elastomers adlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okunjalo. Ukuqina kwawo okuhle kanye nekhono elihle lokumunca amandla kuwenza akwazi ukuvimba nokunciphisa ukudlidliza kanye nokushaqeka ngempumelelo, ngaleyo ndlela avikele isakhiwo kanye nemishini kagesi yezindiza.

 

 Imboni yezimoto esezingeni eliphezulu

Embonini yezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwama-polyurethane elastomers kube yinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwezimoto kanye nenduduzo. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu, ama-polyurethane elastomers asetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni eziningi ezibalulekile zezimoto, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokumunca ukushaqeka, izivalo, izingxenye zangaphakathi, njll. Uma sibheka ama-shock absorber ohlelweni lokumiswa kwezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-polyurethane elastomers kuthuthukise kakhulu induduzo yokushayela kanye nokuqina kokuphatha imoto. Ohlelweni lokumiswa, ama-polyurethane elastomer amunca ngempumelelo umthelela kanye nokudlidliza emgwaqweni futhi anciphise ukunyakaziswa komzimba wemoto ngokusebenzisa ukuqina kwawo okuhle kanye nezakhiwo zokumunca ukushaqeka. Ukuqina okuhle kwalokhu kwaziswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokumiswa kwemoto lungasabela ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene zokushayela futhi lunikeze ulwazi lokushayela olubushelelezi nolukhululekile. Ikakhulukazi kumamodeli okunethezeka aphezulu, ama-shock absorber asebenzayo aphezulu asebenzisa ama-polyurethane elastomers angathuthukisa kakhulu induduzo yokugibela futhi ahlangabezane nezidingo zolwazi lokushayela olusezingeni eliphezulu. Ezimotweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukusebenza kwama-seal kuthinta ngqo ukuvikelwa komsindo, ukuvikelwa kokushisa kanye nokusebenza okungangeni manzi kwemoto. Ama-elastomer e-polyurethane asetshenziswa kabanzi ezivalweni zeminyango namafasitela ezimoto, izingxenye zenjini kanye nezimoto ezingaphansi kwezimoto ngenxa yokuvala kwazo okuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu. Abakhiqizi bezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu basebenzisa ama-elastomer e-polyurethane njengezivalo zeminyango ukuze bathuthukise ukuvikela umsindo wemoto futhi banciphise ukungena komsindo wangaphandle.