Ama-polyurethane elastomers ayikilasi elibalulekile lezinto ze-polymer ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngezakhiwo zabo eziyingqayizivele zomzimba namakhemikhali kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu okuphelele, banesikhundla esibalulekile embonini yesimanje. Lezi zinto zisetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi yokukhiqiza ephezulu, njenge-aerospace, izimoto eziphezulu, imishini enembile, imishini ye-elekthronikhi kanye namadivayisi wezokwelapha, ngenxa yokuqina kwawo okuhle, ukumelana nokugqoka, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuguquguquka kokucubungula. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zokusebenza kwempahla embonini yokukhiqiza, idizayini esebenza kahle kakhulu yama-polyurethane elastomers isibe yisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inani lesicelo sawo. Embonini yokukhiqiza esezingeni eliphezulu, izidingo zokusebenza zezinto zokwakha ziya ngokuya ziba nzima. Njengempahla esebenza kahle kakhulu, ukuklanywa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane elastomers kumele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile zobuchwepheshe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane elastomers ekukhiqizeni okusezingeni eliphezulu nakho kubhekana nezinselele eziningi, kuhlanganise nokulawulwa kwezindleko, ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwamukelwa kwemakethe. Kodwa-ke, ngezinzuzo zayo zokusebenza, ama-polyurethane elastomers abambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza nokuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza. Ngocwaningo olujulile ngalezi zindawo zohlelo lokusebenza, inganikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile kokuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokwandisa izinhlelo zokusebenza.

 

Idizayini esebenza kahle kakhulu yama-polyurethane elastomers

 

Izidingo zokwakheka nokusebenza

Ama-polyurethane elastomers ayikilasi lezinto ze-polymer ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko zakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-polyether ne-isocyanate. Ukukhethwa nengxenye yalezi zingxenye kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwento yokugcina. I-polyether ngokuvamile iyingxenye ethambile eyinhloko yama-polyurethane elastomers. Isakhiwo sayo samangqamuzana siqukethe amaqembu e-polyol, anganikeza ukunwebeka okuhle nokuguquguquka. I-Isocyanate, njengengxenye eyinhloko yengxenye eqinile, inesibopho sokusabela nge-polyether ukuze yenze amaketanga e-polyurethane, ithuthukise amandla nokugqoka ukumelana kwezinto. Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-polyethers nama-isocyanate zinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezihlukene kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni kwe-polyurethane elastomers, kuyadingeka ukukhetha ngokufanele futhi uhlukanise lezi zingxenye ngokuvumelana nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza ukuze kuzuzwe izinkomba zokusebenza ezidingekayo. Ngokwezidingo zokusebenza, ama-polyurethane elastomers adinga ukuba nezici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile: ukumelana nokugqoka, ukuqina, ukulwa nokuguga, njll. Ikakhulukazi uma isetshenziswa ezindaweni zokugqoka okuphezulu, njengezinhlelo zokumiswa kwezimoto nemishini yezimboni, ukumelana nokugqokwa okuhle kunganweba kakhulu impilo yesevisi yomkhiqizo. I-Elasticity ingenye yezakhiwo eziyinhloko zama-polyurethane elastomers. Inquma ukuthi impahla ingabuyela ngokushesha ekumeni kwayo kwasekuqaleni ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa nokululama. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-seal kanye nama-shock absorbers. I-anti-aging isho ikhono lempahla yokugcina ukusebenza kwayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside noma ukuchayeka ezindaweni ezinokhahlo (njengemisebe ye-ultraviolet, umswakama, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, njll.), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okokusebenza kugcina ukusebenza okuzinzile ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo.

 

Amasu Okuthuthukisa Idizayini

Idizayini esebenza kahle kakhulu yama-polyurethane elastomers iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebucayi edinga ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kwamasu amaningi okuthuthukisa imiklamo. Ukwenziwa kahle kwesakhiwo samangqamuzana kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwempahla. Ngokulungisa ukwakheka kweketango lamangqamuzana e-polyurethane, njengokwandisa izinga lokuphambana, amandla emishini nokumelana nokugqoka kwezinto kungathuthukiswa kakhulu. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokuxhumanisa kuvumela isakhiwo senethiwekhi esizinzile ukuthi sakheke phakathi kwamaketanga e-molecular wento, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise amandla ayo onke kanye nokuqina. Isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ama-reactants e-polyisocyanate noma ukwethula ama-agent axhumanisayo, izinga lokuxhumanisa lingakhuliswa ngempumelelo futhi nokusebenza kwento kungenziwa ngokugcwele. Ukwenziwa kahle kwenani lengxenye nakho kubalulekile. Isilinganiso se-polyether ne-isocyanate sithinta ngokuqondile ukuqina, ukuqina nokumelana nokugqoka kwezinto. Ngokuvamile, ukwandisa ingxenye ye-isocyanate kungakhuphula ubulukhuni nokumelana nokugqoka kwezinto, kodwa kungase kunciphise ukunwebeka kwayo. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukulungisa ngokunembile isilinganiso salokhu okubili ngokuya ngezidingo zangempela zohlelo lokusebenza ukuze kuzuzwe ibhalansi yokusebenza engcono kakhulu. Ngokungeziwe ekuthuthukisweni kwesakhiwo samangqamuzana nesilinganiso sengxenye, ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo nama-ejenti aqinisayo nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ama-nanomatadium, njenge-nano-silicon ne-nano-carbon, angathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza okuphelele kwama-polyurethane elastomers. Ama-Nanomatadium athuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokumelana nemvelo kwezinto ngokwandisa amandla azo, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nokumelana nokuguga.

 

 

Ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yokulungiselela

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokulungiselela kungenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-polyurethane elastomers. Ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-polymer synthesis kube nomthelela omkhulu ekulungiseleleni ama-polyurethane elastomers. Izindlela zesimanje ze-polymer synthesis, ezifana nokubunjwa komjovo wokuphendula (RIM) kanye nobuchwepheshe be-polymerization obucindezela kakhulu, zingafinyelela ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana phakathi nenqubo yokuhlanganisa, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana nokusebenza kwempahla. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba umjovo wokusabela bungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza futhi bufinyelele ukufana kwezinto ezingcono kanye nokuvumelana phakathi nenqubo yokubumba ngokuxuba ngokushesha i-polyether ne-isocyanate ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu bese uyijova esibunjeni. Ubuchwepheshe be-polymerization obunomfutho ophezulu bungathuthukisa ukuminyana namandla ezinto futhi buthuthukise ukumelana nokuguga nokumelana nokuguga ngokwenza ukusabela kwe-polymerization ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba nokucubungula okuthuthukisiwe nakho kuyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwe-polyurethane elastomers. Izinqubo zokubumba zendabuko ezishisayo kancane kancane zithathelwe indawo ngobuchwepheshe bokubumba umjovo obuthuthuke kakhulu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubumba i-extrusion. Lezi zinqubo ezintsha azikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi zifinyelele ukulawula okunembile phakathi nenqubo yokubumba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nokusebenza kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba umjovo bungafinyelela ukubumba okunembile kobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kunciphise imfucumfucu yezinto ezibonakalayo ngokushisisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-polyurethane zibe esimweni esincibilikisiwe futhi zizijove esibunjeni. Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba be-Extrusion buyashisa futhi buphoqelela impahla ye-polyurethane ukuthi iphume ku-extruder, yenze imicu yezinto ezibonakalayo eqhubekayo noma amashubhu ngokupholisa nokuqiniswa. Ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elikhulu kanye nokucubungula okwenziwe ngezifiso.

 

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane elastomers ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu

 

I-Aerospace

Emkhakheni we-aerospace, ama-elastomer e-polyurethane asetshenziswa kakhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi ezibalulekile, njengezimpawu kanye nama-shock absorbers, ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okuhle kakhulu. Imboni ye-aerospace inezidingo ezinzima kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto, ezihlanganisa ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukumelana nokukhathala, ukumelana nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana nokugqoka, njll. Ukusebenza okuphakeme kwama-polyurethane elastomers kulezi zici kuyenza ibe enye yezinto ezibalulekile emkhakheni we-aerospace. Thatha izimvu zamanzi njengesibonelo. Ohlelweni lukaphethiloli lwezimoto ezisemkhathini, izimvu zamanzi zidinga ukugcina ukuvala okusebenzayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo nezicindezelayo. Isistimu kaphethiloli yezimoto ze-aerospace ivame ukuchayeka ekushiseni okuphezulu, ukucindezela okukhulu kanye nemithombo yezindaba ebolayo. Ngakho-ke, izimpawu akufanele zimelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali. Ama-polyurethane elastomers, ikakhulukazi ama-polyurethanes asebenza kahle kakhulu alaphekile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, anokumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu futhi akwazi ukumelana nezimo zokusebenza ezingaphezu kuka-300°C. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kwe-polyurethane elastomers kubenza bakwazi ukugcwalisa ngokuphumelelayo izindawo ezingavamile futhi baqinisekise ukuzinza nokuthembeka kwezimpawu ekusebenziseni isikhathi eside. Isibonelo, ama-seal asetshenziswa kuma-spaceshuttles e-NASA naseziteshini zasemkhathini zisebenzisa ama-polyurethane elastomers, abonisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvala nokuqina ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu. Enye i-shock absorbers. Ku-aerospace, izinto zokudonsa ukushaqeka zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa umthelela wokudlidliza kwesakhiwo kanye nokushaqeka ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile. Ama-polyurethane elastomers adlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okunjalo. Ukunwebeka kwawo okuhle kakhulu kanye nekhono elihle lokumunca amandla kuzenza zikwazi ukubhafa ngempumelelo futhi zinciphise ukudlidliza nokushaqeka, ngaleyo ndlela zivikele ukwakheka kanye nezisetshenziswa zikagesi ze-aerospace.

 

 Imboni yezimoto esezingeni eliphezulu

Embonini yezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane elastomers sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwemoto nokunethezeka. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okuhle kakhulu okubanzi, ama-polyurethane elastomers asetshenziswa kabanzi ezingxenyeni eziningi ezibalulekile zezimoto, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokumunca ukushaqeka, izimpawu, izingxenye zangaphakathi, njll. Ukuthatha izinto ezibamba ukushaqeka ohlelweni lokumiswa kwezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-polyurethane elastomer kuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukunethezeka kokushayela nokuzinza kokuphatha imoto. Ohlelweni lokumiswa, ama-polyurethane elastomers amunca ngempumelelo umthelela nokudlidliza emgwaqeni futhi anciphise ukunyakaziswa komzimba wemoto ngokunwebeka kwawo okuhle kakhulu kanye nezakhiwo zokumunca ukushaqeka. Ukunwebeka okuhle kakhulu kwalokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu yokumiswa kwemoto ingasabela ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo zokushayela ezihlukene futhi inikeze isipiliyoni sokushayela esishelelayo nesinethezeke kakhudlwana. Ikakhulukazi kumamodeli okunethezeka aphezulu, ama-shock absorbers asebenza kahle asebenzisa i-polyurethane elastomers angathuthukisa kakhulu ukunethezeka kokugibela futhi ahlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlangenwe nakho kokushayela kwekhwalithi ephezulu. Ezimotweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukusebenza kwezigxivizo kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuvaleka komsindo, ukufakwa kokushisa kanye nokusebenza okungangeni kwamanzi kwemoto. Ama-elastomer e-polyurethane asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-seal eminyango yezimoto namafasitela, amagumbi enjini kanye nezinqola zangaphansi ngenxa yokuvaleka kwawo okuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu. Abakhiqizi bezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu basebenzisa i-polyurethane elastomers njengezigxivizo zeminyango ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvaleka komsindo wemoto nokunciphisa ukungena komsindo wangaphandle.