UMOFAN

izindaba

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-MOFANCAT T nezinye izikhuthazi ze-polyurethane ezisetshenziswayo zanamuhla

I-MOFANCAT T iyindlela entsha yokusiza ekwenzeni i-polyurethane. Le catalyst ineqembu elikhethekile le-hydroxyl. Isiza i-catalyst ukujoyina i-polymer matrix. Abantu bayabona ukuthi ayikhiphi iphunga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inephunga eliphansi kanye nokufiphala okuncane. Izimboni eziningi ezifana nayo ayingcolisi kakhulu i-PVC. Isebenza kahle futhi ithembekile kakhulu. I-MOFANCAT T iphephile futhi yonga imali. Isebenza kokubili ezinhlelweni ze-polyurethane eziguquguqukayo neziqinile.

  • Izici ezihlukile:
    • Ayikhiphi ukukhishwa kwegesi
    • Ineqembu le-hydroxyl elisabelayo
    • Ihlangana kalula ibe ama-polymer

Ukubuka Konke Kwe-Polyurethane Catalysts

Indima Yokusungula Izinto Ezibalulekile Ku-Polyurethane

Ama-catalyst e-polyurethane abaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni i-polyurethane. Asiza amakhemikhali ukuthi asabele ngokushesha. Lawa makhemikhali abizwa ngokuthi ama-polyol kanye nama-isocyanates. Uma esabela, enza imikhiqizo ye-polyurethane.Ama-catalyst e-aminekwenza kube lula ukuthi lezi zindlela zokusabela zenzeke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igwebu liyakhula futhi liqine ngokushesha nangcono. Izinto eziyinhloko ezenzekayo ukwakheka kwezibopho ze-carbamate kanye nokwenziwa kwe-carbon dioxide. I-carbon dioxide yenza amagwebu ku-foam. Lawa magwebu anika igwebu isimo salo.

Ama-Catalyst asiza futhi ukulawula ukuthi kungakanani ukushisa okwenziwayo. Isibonelo, i-catalyst pc-8 dmcha yehlisa ijubane lokusabela. Lokhu kuvimbela izinto ukuthi zingashisi kakhulu futhi kugcina abasebenzi bephephile. Ama-Catalyst ashintsha indlela okusebenza ngayo ukusabela. Lokhu kusiza ekwenzeni i-polyurethane ibe nomuzwa namandla afanele. Kusiza futhi imikhiqizo ukuthi ihlale isikhathi eside futhi isebenze kahle.

Ukubaluleka Kokusetshenziswa Kwanamuhla

Namuhla, izimboni eziningi zidinga ama-catalyst e-polyurethane. Lawa ma-catalyst asiza ekwenzeni imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu. Enza i-polyurethane ibe namandla futhi iguquguquke kakhudlwana. Ama-catalyst amahle asiza imikhiqizo ukuthi yome futhi iphole ngokushesha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani zingenza imikhiqizo eminingi ngokushesha.

Banguizinhlobo ezahlukene zama-catalyst e-polyurethane:

  • Ama-Amine Catalysts: Asetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kuma-foam nama-elastomers.
  • Ama-Metal Catalyst: Asetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene.
  • Ama-Bismuth Catalysts: Akhethwe ukuze asetshenziswe ngokukhethekile.
  • Ama-Organometallic Catalysts: Uhlobo olusha olukhula ngokushesha.
  • Ama-Catalyst angewona awensimbi: Asetshenziswa kaningi.

Abantu bayakhathalela imvelo, ngakho-ke kwenziwa ama-catalyst amasha anobungani nemvelo. Ososayensi nabo bafunda ama-nanocatalyst. Lawa asebenzisa izinto ezincane futhi anendawo enkulu ebusweni. Le mibono emisha isiza ekwenzeni i-polyurethane ephephile futhi eluhlaza. Ama-catalyst e-polyurethane asabaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni, ezimotweni, ekupakisheni, nakwezinye izinto.

Izici ze-MOFANCAT T

Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali kanye Nendlela Yokusebenza

I-MOFANCAT T ikhethekile ngenxa yayoisakhiwo samakhemikhali. Ineqembu le-hydroxyl elisebenzayo. I-catalyst iqukethe i-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylethanolamine. Lokhu kusiza ukusabela kwe-urea phakathi kwe-isocyanate namanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-MOFANCAT T ixubana kahle ne-polymer matrix. Iqembu le-hydroxyl lisabela nezinye izingxenye. Lokhu kwenza i-catalyst ihlale kumkhiqizo wokugcina we-polyurethane. Le nqubo ibangela ukufiphala okuncane kanye nokungcola okuncane kwe-PVC. Lezi zinto zenza izinto eziqediwe zibe ngcono.

Isakhiwo Samakhemikhali Umnikelo Wokusebenza
I-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylethanolamine Kusiza ukusabela kwe-urea (isocyanate - amanzi). Lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi ixubane kahle ne-polymer matrix.
  Inikeza ukufiphala okuncane kanye nopende oluphansi lwe-PVC. Lokhu kwenza i-polyurethane isebenze kangcono.

I-MOFANCAT T ibukeka njengoketshezi olungenambala noma oluphuzi olukhanyayo. Inani layo le-hydroxyl lingu-387 mgKOH/g. Ubuningi obuhlobene bungu-0.904 g/mL ku-25°C. I-viscosity iphakathi kuka-5 no-7 mPa.s ku-25°C. Iphuzu lokubila lingu-207°C. Iphuzu le-flash lingu-88°C. Lezi zakhiwo zenza kube lula ukulinganisa nokuxuba i-catalyst.

Ukusebenza kuzinhlelo zokusebenza

I-MOFANCAT T isebenza kahle ezinhlelweni ze-polyurethane eziguquguqukayo neziqinile. Abantu basebenzisa lesi sikhuthazi ekufakweni kwe-spray foam kanye ne-packaging foam. Iphinde isetshenziswe kuma-instrument panels ezimoto. Isici sokungakhiphi ukungcola sisho ukuthi imikhiqizo inephunga eliphansi. Lokhu kuhle ekusetshenzisweni kwangaphakathi kanye nezimoto. Ukufiphaza okuncane kanye nokufaka i-PVC okuncane kugcina imikhiqizo ibukeka kahle futhi iqinile.

Icebiso: Hlala uphephile uma usebenzisa i-MOFANCAT T. I-catalyst ingashisa isikhumba sakho futhi ilimaze amehlo akho. Gqoka amagilavu ​​​​nezibuko ukuze uvikeleke. Gcina umkhiqizo endaweni epholile, eyomile.

I-MOFANCAT T ithengiswa ngama-drum angu-170 kg noma ngamaphakheji enziwe ngokwezifiso. Inokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi okuphansi. Lokhu kunikeza imiphumela eqinile. Izimboni eziningi zikhetha lesi sikhuthazi ngoba sisebenza kahle futhi siphephile.

Amanye Ama-Catalyst e-Polyurethane

Ama-Catalyst Asekelwe Ku-Tin

Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin asize ekwenzeni i-polyurethane iminyaka eminingi. Izinkampani zivame ukukhetha i-stannous octoate kanyei-dibutyltin dilaurate. Lokhu kusebenza ngokushesha futhi kusiza amakhemikhali ukuthi asabele ngokushesha. Kusiza ama-isocyanates nama-polyol ukuthi ahlangane. Lokhu kwenza amagwebu athambile naqinile abe yizicucu. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin aphulukisa ngokushesha futhi asebenze kahle. Amabhizinisi amaningi awasebenzisela ukuvikela ukushisa, ukumboza, kanye nama-elastomer.

Qaphela: Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin angashiya okusele emikhiqizweni. Ezinye izindawo manje zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngempilo kanye nemvelo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zama-Catalyst Asekelwe Ku-Tin:

  • Ukusabela okuphezulu
  • Izikhathi zokuphulukisa okusheshayo
  • Ifanele izinhlobo eziningi ze-polyurethane

Ama-Catalyst Asekelwe ku-Amine

Ama-catalyst asekelwe kuma-amine asetshenziswa ku-polyurethane ethambile neqinile. Lawa afaka phakathi i-triethylenediamine (TEDA) kanye ne-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). Asiza ukulawula ukusabela kokuvunguza kanye nokusabela kwe-gelling. Ama-catalyst ama-amine avame ukuba nephunga eliphansi kanye nokukhishwa okuphansi komoya. Alungele izindawo lapho ikhwalithi yomoya kanye nokubukeka kubalulekile khona.

I-Amine Catalyst Ukusetshenziswa Okuyinhloko Inzuzo Ekhethekile
I-TEDA Amagwebu aguquguqukayo Ukusabela okulinganiselwe
I-DMEA Amagwebu aqinile, izembozo Iphunga eliphansi, kulula ukuxuba

Ama-catalyst asekelwe kuma-amine ayaguquguquka. Abenzi bangashintsha izakhiwo ze-foam ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo noma amanani ahlukene.

Izinhlobo ze-Bismuth kanye nezivelayo

Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-Bismuth manje athandwa kakhulu kune-tin. I-Bismuth neodecanoate isebenza kahle kuma-foam athambile naqinile. Lawa anobuthi obuphansi futhi angcono endaweni ezungezile.

Izinhlobo ezintsha ze-catalyst zifaka phakathi ukukhetha kwe-organometallic kanye ne-non-metallic. Ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokwenza ama-catalyst amasha ukuze asebenze kangcono futhi aphephe. ​​Ama-catalyst amaningi amasha agxila ekukhiqizweni okuphansi futhi asebenza kahle nge-polyurethane yesimanje.

Icebiso: I-Bismuth kanye nama-catalyst amasha kusiza izinkampani ukuba zilandele imithetho eqinile yokuphepha kanye nemithetho eluhlaza.

I-MOFANCAT T vs Amanye Ama-Catalyst

Ukusebenza Kahle Nesivinini

Ama-catalyst asiza ukwakheka kwe-polyurethane ngokushesha. I-MOFANCAT T isiza ukusabela kwe-urea kwenzeke kahle. Lokhu kwenza ukusabela kuhlale kuzinzile futhi kube lula ukulawula. Izinkampani eziningi zibona ukuthi i-MOFANCAT T isebenza kahle kokubili kuma-foam athambile naqinile. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin asebenza ngokushesha, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi i-foam ayipholi ngokulinganayo. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-amine awasheshi kakhulu noma ahambe kancane, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi adinga amakhemikhali engeziwe ukuze asebenze kangcono. Ama-catalyst e-Bismuth asabela ngesivinini esiphakathi futhi asetshenziselwa ama-foam akhethekile.

Uhlobo lwe-Catalyst Isivinini Sokusabela Ukungaguquguquki Ibanga Lohlelo Lokusebenza
I-MOFANCAT T Izinzile Phezulu Amagwebu Aguquguqukayo Naqinile
Isekelwe ku-Tin Okusheshayo Okuphakathi nendawo Ama-Polyurethane Amaningi
Okusekelwe ku-Amine Ilinganisela Phezulu Iyaguquguquka futhi Iqinile
Okusekelwe ku-Bismuth Okumaphakathi Phezulu Amagwebu Akhethekile

Icebiso: I-MOFANCAT T ikhethwa uma kudingeka igwebu elibushelelezi kanye nokuqina okuqhubekayo.

Umthelela Wezemvelo Nezempilo

Izinkampani eziningi ziyakhathalela ukuphepha kanye nemvelo. I-MOFANCAT T ayikhiphi izinto eziyingozi uma isetshenziswa. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina umoya uhlanzekile futhi imikhiqizo iphephile. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin angashiya izinto ezingaba zimbi empilweni. Ezinye izindawo azisawavumeli. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-amine ngokuvamile awanuki kakhulu futhi awakhiphi kakhulu, kodwa amanye asakhipha amagesi. Ama-catalyst e-bismuth aphephile kune-tin, kodwa awafani ne-MOFANCAT T ngokuba ahlanzekile.

  • I-MOFANCAT T: Akukho ukukhishwa kwegesi, inkungu encane, ukudaya okuncane kwe-PVC
  • Isekelwe ku-Tin: Ingashiya insalela, eminye imithetho ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa
  • Isekelwe kuma-amine: Iphunga eliphansi, amagesi athile
  • Isekelwe ku-Bismuth: Kuphephile, kodwa kukhona ukukhishwa kwegesi

Qaphela: Ukusebenzisa i-catalyst enokukhishwa okuphansi kwegesi kusiza ukuhlangabezana nemithetho yokuphepha.

Izindleko Nokutholakala

Izindleko zibalulekile kuzo zonke izinkampani. I-MOFANCAT T ihlanzekile kakhulu futhi isebenza ngendlela efanayo njalo. Abathengisi abaningi bayinikeza ngama-drum amakhulu noma amaphakethe akhethekile. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin abe lula ukuwathola isikhathi eside, kodwa imithetho emisha ingenza abize kakhulu. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-amine kulula ukuwathola futhi awabizi kakhulu. Ama-catalyst e-bismuth abiza kakhulu ngoba asebenzisa izinto ezingavamile nezindlela ezikhethekile zokuwenza.

Uhlobo lwe-Catalyst Izinga Lezindleko Ukutholakala Izinketho Zokupakisha
I-MOFANCAT T Ukuncintisana Kutholakala kabanzi Izigubhu, Amaphakethe Angokwezifiso
Isekelwe ku-Tin Okumaphakathi Okuvamile Izigubhu, Ubuningi
Okusekelwe ku-Amine Okungabizi kakhulu Kuvamile kakhulu Izigubhu, Ubuningi
Okusekelwe ku-Bismuth Okuphakeme Kunqunyelwe Amaphakethe Akhethekile

Izinkampani eziningi zikhetha i-MOFANCAT T ngoba ayibizi kakhulu, ihlanzekile, futhi kulula ukuyithola.

Ukuhambisana kanye nekhwalithi

Kubalulekile ukuthi i-catalyst isebenza kahle kangakanani nezinye izingxenye. I-MOFANCAT T ixubana ne-polymer matrix ngenxa yeqembu layo elikhethekile le-hydroxyl. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ihlala ku-foam futhi ayiphumi. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe nge-MOFANCAT T ayinaphunga elincane, izwakala ibushelelezi, futhi inamandla. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin asebenza kuma-foam amaningi, kodwa angabangela amabala noma inkungu. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-amine avumela abenzi ukuthi bashintshe i-foam kalula. Ama-catalyst e-Bismuth alungele ama-foam akhethekile futhi asiza ukuhlangabezana nemithetho eluhlaza.

  • I-MOFANCAT T: Ixuba kahle, ayinyakazi, yenza igwebu elisezingeni eliphezulu
  • Isekelwe ku-Tin: Isebenza kuma-foam amaningi, ingangcolisa
  • Isekelwe ku-Amine: Kulula ukuyilungisa, ikhwalithi enhle
  • Isekelwe ku-Bismuth: Kwama-foam akhethekile, anobungani nemvelo

Izinkampani eziningi zezimoto kanye nokupakisha njenge-MOFANCAT T ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okuhlanzekile kanye nemiphumela ezinzile.

Amacala Okufaka Isicelo

I-Spray Foam kanye ne-Insulation

Ukufakwa kwe-spray foam kugcina izakhiwo zifudumele noma zipholile. Abakhi bafuna i-foam ekhula ngokushesha futhi yome ngokulinganayo. I-MOFANCAT T isiza i-foam ukuthi isabele kahle. Izisebenzi aziboni iphunga elincane kanye nenkungu emakamelweni aqediwe. Lokhu kwenza amakhaya namahhovisi kube mnandi ukuba kuwo. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin asebenza ngokushesha, kodwa angashiya izinto ezilimaza ikhwalithi yomoya.Ama-catalyst asekelwe kuma-aminezomile ngesivinini esizinzile, kodwa abanye abantu basazizwa kabi. Ama-catalyst e-Bismuth alungele izakhiwo eziluhlaza, kodwa angase angasebenzi kahle yonke indawo.

Uhlobo lwe-Catalyst Izinga Lephunga Ukufiphala Okuthandwayo Komsebenzisi
I-MOFANCAT T Phansi Kakhulu Okuncane Kukhethwa umoya ohlanzekile
Isekelwe ku-Tin Okumaphakathi Okuphakeme Isetshenziselwa isivinini
Okusekelwe ku-Amine Phansi Phansi Kukhethwe ibhalansi
Okusekelwe ku-Bismuth Phansi Kakhulu Phansi Kukhethwe amaphrojekthi anobungani nemvelo

Qaphela: Izisebenzi eziningi zokushisa zisebenzisa i-MOFANCAT T ezikoleni nasezibhedlela. Zifuna umoya ophephile kanye negwebu elihlala isikhathi eside.

Izimoto Nokupakisha

Abenzi bezimoto badinga ama-catalyst agcina ingaphakathi lemoto lihlanzekile futhi lihlanzekile. I-MOFANCAT T isiza ekwenzeni ama-dashboard nezihlalo ezingenaphunga futhi ezingenamabala e-PVC. Lokhu kugcina izimoto zinhle kubashayeli nabagibeli. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin asebenza kuma-dashboard, kodwa angenza ingilazi ibe nenkungu. Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-amine avumela abenzi ukuthi bakhe i-foam, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi badinga usizo olwengeziwe ukuze basebenze kahle kakhulu. Ama-catalyst e-Bismuth asetshenziselwa i-foam emabhokisini okudla nawe-elekthronikhi, futhi alandela imithetho yokuphepha.

  • Izinkampani zezimoto zifuna izinto ezikhuthazayo:
    • Misa inkungu emafasiteleni
    • Vimbela i-vinyl ukuthi ingadayi
    • Yenza igwebu liqine isikhathi eside
  • Abenzi bokupakisha bafuna:
    • Igwebu elinephunga elincane elisele
    • Igwebu elizwakala lifana njalo
    • Igwebu eliphephile ukuthi abasebenzi baliphathe

Icebiso: Izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto kanye nezinkampani zokupakisha zikhetha i-MOFANCAT T uma zifuna imikhiqizo ehlala ihlanzekile futhi enganuki.

Isifinyezo Sokuqhathanisa

Ukukhetha i-polyurethane catalyst kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezici zalo eziqinile. Ithebula elingezansi libonisa ukuthi zihambisana kanjani:

Isici I-MOFANCAT T Isekelwe ku-Tin Okusekelwe ku-Amine Okusekelwe ku-Bismuth
Ukukhishwa kwegesi Akukho Kungenzeka Phansi Phansi
Iphunga Phansi Kakhulu Okumaphakathi Phansi Phansi Kakhulu
Ukufiphala Okuncane Okuphakeme Phansi Phansi
Ukupenda kwe-PVC Okuncane Kungenzeka Phansi Phansi
Ukulawula Ukusabela Bushelele Okusheshayo Ilinganisela Okumaphakathi
Umthelela Wezemvelo Okuthandekayo Akuthandeki Kakhulu Okuthandekayo Okuthandekayo
Izindleko Ukuncintisana Okumaphakathi Okungabizi kakhulu Okuphakeme
Ibanga Lohlelo Lokusebenza Ububanzi Ububanzi Ububanzi Okukhethekile

Ukufana Okubalulekile:

  • Zonke izinto ezibangela ukusabela kwe-polyurethane zenza ukusabela kwe-polyurethane kusheshe.
  • Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza kokubili ku-foam ethambile neqinile.
  • Iningi lama-catalyst amasha lizama ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi futhi liphephe kakhudlwana.

Umehluko Oyinhloko:

  • I-MOFANCAT T ayikhiphi ukukhishwa kwegesi futhi inephunga eliphansi.
  • Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-tin asebenza ngokushesha kodwa angashiya izinto ngemuva.
  • Ama-catalyst asekelwe kuma-amine akuvumela ukuthi ushintshe igwebu kalula.
  • Ama-catalyst asekelwe ku-bismuth alungele amaphrojekthi aluhlaza kodwa abiza kakhulu.

Qaphela: Izinkampani eziningi manje zifuna izinto ezikhuthaza umoya ezigcina umoya uhlanzekile futhi zenze imikhiqizo iphephe.

I-MOFANCAT T inikeza ukusebenza okuhle, ukuphepha, futhi isebenza ngezindlela eziningi. Ilungele izindawo lapho kudingeka khona umoya ohlanzekile, iphunga eliphansi, kanye negwebu elinamandla.


I-MOFANCAT T iyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu sokwenza i-polyurethane namuhla. Isabela ngesivinini esihle futhi ayikhiphi igesi eningi. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yinhle kakhulu kwi-foam ethambile, i-foam eqinile, kanye ne-coating. Abantu abasebenza emafektri anjalo isebenza kahle futhi ayibizi kakhulu. Bayazi futhi ukuthi bangayithola njalo uma beyidinga. Lapho bekhetha i-catalyst, abantu bafuna:

  • Isabela kahle ekusetshenzisweni okuningi
  • Akudingi okuningi ukuze kusebenze futhi akubizi kakhulu
  • Kulula ukuyithola futhi ikhwalithi efanayo njalo
  • Kungashintshwa ngezidingo ezikhethekile
  • Kushintsha ukuthi umkhiqizo ujiyile, uqinile futhi uphephile kangakanani emisebenzini ehlukene

Ukukhetha i-catalyst efanele kusiza ekwenzeni i-polyurethane ephephile, esebenza kahle, futhi esezingeni eliphezulu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini eyenza i-MOFANCAT T ihluke kwezinye izikhuthazi ze-polyurethane?

I-MOFANCAT T ineqembu le-hydroxyl elisebenzayo. Lokhu kuyasiza ukuthi ihlangane ne-polymer matrix. Umkhiqizo awukhiphi izinto eziyingozi. Iphinde ibe nenkungu encane futhi ayingcolisi kakhulu i-PVC.

Ingabe i-MOFANCAT T ingasetshenziswa kokubili ezinhlelweni ze-polyurethane eziguquguqukayo neziqinile?

Yebo, i-MOFANCAT T isebenza ngezindlela eziningi.esetshenziselwa i-slabstock eguquguqukayokanye nokuvikela i-foam ngesifutho. Kuhle futhi ekupakisheni i-foam kanye namaphaneli emoto. I-catalyst inikeza imiphumela eqinile ku-polyurethane ethambile neqinile.

Ingabe i-MOFANCAT T iphephile ezindaweni zangaphakathi?

I-MOFANCAT T ayikhiphi amagesi noma iphunga elinamandla. Izinkampani eziningi ziyisebenzisela izinto zangaphakathi ezifana nokushisa kanye nezingxenye zezimoto. Isiza ukugcina umoya uhlanzekile ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo nasezimotweni.

I-MOFANCAT T kufanele igcinwe futhi iphathwe kanjani?

Gqoka amagilavu ​​​​nezibuko njalo uma usebenzisa i-MOFANCAT T. Yigcine endaweni epholile neyomile. I-catalyst ingashisa isikhumba sakho futhi ilimaze amehlo akho uma ungasebenzisi ukunakekela.

Yiziphi izinketho zokupakisha ezitholakalayo ze-MOFANCAT T?

Uhlobo Lokupakisha Incazelo
Isigubhu Izinga elijwayelekile elingu-170 kg
Iphakethe Langokwezifiso Njengoba kuceliwe

Amakhasimende angakhetha iphakheji ebasebenzela kangcono.


Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-21-2026

Shiya Umlayezo Wakho